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Ātman (Hinduism)
Ātman () is a Sanskrit word that means inner self or soul. In Hindu philosophy, especially in the Vedanta school of Hinduism, Ātman is the first principle,〔Deussen, Paul and Geden, A. S. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Cosimo Classics (June 1, 2010). P. 86. ISBN 1616402407.〕 the ''true'' self of an individual beyond identification with phenomena, the essence of an individual. In order to attain liberation, a human being must acquire self-knowledge (atma jnana), which is to realize that one's true self (Ātman) is identical with the transcendent self Brahman.
The six orthodox schools of Hinduism believe that there is Ātman (Soul, Self) in every being, a major point of difference with Buddhism, which does not believe that there is either soul or self.〔KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, ISBN 978-8120806191, pages 246-249, from note 385 onwards; Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791422175, page 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the () doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; Edward Roer (Translator), to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'', pages 2-4; Katie Javanaud (2013), (Is The Buddhist ‘No-Self’ Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana? ), Philosophy Now〕
==Etymology==
"Ātman" (Atma, आत्मा, आत्मन्) is a Sanskrit word which means "essence, breath, soul."〔〔R Dalal (2011), The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143415176, page 38〕 It is related to PIE
*etmen (a root meaning "breath"; cognates: Ancient Greek ' ''atmòs'' "vapor" (whence English atmosphere), Dutch ''adem'', Old High German ''atum'' "breath," Modern German ''atmen'' "to breathe" and ''Atem'' "respiration, breath", Old English ''eþian'').〔(Atman ) Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2012)〕 Ātman is synonymous with Soul, Self.〔
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